- Definition:
- A conjunctive adverb (adverbial conjunction, transitional device) can be used to join two independent clauses, making a compound sentence.
Like a conjunction, it connects ideas, but it is stronger. It shows a more specific relationship and usually acts as a transition between the clauses. It can combine, compare, contrast, emphasize, summarize, illustrate, show sequence, and concede that the reader already knows an idea. (Notice that all the ideas in this series are verbs or verb phrases so they are parallel.)
Weak: Most Labrador retrievers are friendly, but some can be mean.Some common conjunctive adverbs
Stronger: Most Labrador retrievers are friendly; however, some can be mean.
accordingly also anyway besides certainly consequently conversely finally furthermore hence |
however incidentally indeed instead likewise meanwhile moreover next nevertheless nonetheless |
otherwise similarly specifically still subsequently then therefore thus |
Beware: This is not a complete list, and all of these words are not always used this way. Memorizing the list is not useful. Analyzing how words work together in a sentence is the best way to find them.
- Definition:
- Conjunctive adverbs can also be used in the middle of a sentence as parenthetical expressions.
I know Jeremiah can, in fact, sing very well.
Conjunctive adverbs used as parenthetical expressions include the list above and these common compound ones.
for example namely |
on the contrary in fact |
that is on the other hand |
Punctuating Conjunctive Adverbs
When used in a simple sentence as a parenthetical expression, the conjunctive adverb has commas around it because it is not grammatically a part of the sentence. It may seem like an adverb, but it is usually just something people say in conversation.
We are, however, not ready to go.
If it is used to combine sentences, a semicolon is used before the conjunctive adverb. (Think of a semicolon as two commas - one that would have been in front of a coordinating conjunction plus one that shows that however is parenthetical.)
I am ready; however, you are not.
Sentences with conjunctive adverbs can also be written as separate sentences.
I am ready. However, my sister is not.